Precise gliomas therapy: Hypoxia-activated prodrugs sensitized by nano-photosensitizers

Abstract

Hypoxia is one of the prominent features of solid tumors. Hypoxia activated prodrugs (HAPs), selectively killing hypoxic cells, possess the potential to transform hypoxia from a nuisance to an advantage in precision therapy. Exhibiting a more significant hypoxic microenvironment, gliomas, as the most frequent and incurable neurological tumors, provide HAPs a more attractive therapeutic prospect. However, the insufficient hypoxia and the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely limit the activation and bio-availability of HAPs. Herein, a novel nanoparticle iRGD@ZnPc + TPZ was designed and synthesized to achieve gliomas inhibition by encapsulating tirapazamine (TPZ) as a HAP and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as a photosensitizer to enhance hypoxia. iRGD@ZnPc + TPZ can realize breakthrough BBB, deep penetration, and significant retention in gliomas, which is attributed to the iRGD-mediated receptor targeting and active transport. After being internalized by tumor cells and radiated, ZnPc efficiently consumes intratumoral O2 to produce reactive oxygen species, which not only implements tumor suppression, but also intensify hypoxia to activate TPZ for amplifying chemotherapy. The photosensitizer-enhanced activation of HAPs inhibits gliomas growth. This study provides a new strategy with sensitizing and activating HAPs for gliomas treatment in clinical.