Abstract
Numerous submicron voids have been found at the ends of the grain boundary carbides formed in 2 1 4 Cr-1 Mo steel during tempering at 680–690°C. These voids subsequently grow into the bubbles that give rise to the hydrogen attack found in such a steel. They could also be the origin of the grain boundary voids that develop to limit creep ductility in quenched and tempered steel, or give rise to the voids that grow into the stress relief cracks sometimes found in welds. It is proposed that the voids are nucleated and grow as a result of the plastic strain and long range tensile stresses that develop as the carbides grow and expand faster than matrix atoms can diffuse away to accommodate the volume increase.
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