Abstract
Over the years, price considerations have meant that European practice has favoured the use of shotcrete and in-situ concrete lining in preference to precast concrete elements. These elements would usually be of the bolted type and be used in conjunction with shield driving. Only with the introduction of single shelled waterproof reinforced concrete rings has it been possible, with the improvements in sealing systems gained from cast-iron linings, for this type of lining to regain its popularity. (A)
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