Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the extraction of low molecular weight soluble polysaccharides (MESP) from soybean by-products using microwave-assisted enzymatic technology and proposed the chemical structure of MESP using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum analysis. The results suggested that MESP mainly comprised arabinose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid with (1→4) glycosidic linkages in the backbone. Compared with inulin, MESP was found to selectively stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus probiotics. Moreover, the results of in vitro fermentation indicated that MESP significantly increased the concentrations of both acetate and butyrate (p < 0.05). MESP were treated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells to determine the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. It was observed that MESP inhibited nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 production. Furthermore, Western blotting results indicated that MESP significantly attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of phosphorylation levels of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in macrophages. The underlying mechanism might involve inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, presumably via JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Collectively, the results of our study paved way for the production of MESP, which may be potentially used as nutraceutical ingredients for prebiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, from soybean residue.
Highlights
Soy (Glycine max) is an economical crop that has been cultivated in eastern Asian countries since ancient times, and more recently, is increasingly used in the Western countries [1]
It was observed that molecular weight soluble polysaccharides (MESP) inhibited nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 production
Western blotting results indicated that MESP significantly attenuated LPS-induced downregulation of phosphorylation levels of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in macrophages
Summary
Soy (Glycine max) is an economical crop that has been cultivated in eastern Asian countries since ancient times, and more recently, is increasingly used in the Western countries [1]. Soybean is used for human consumption, since it is an abundant source of protein and oil. Soymilk consumption has increased in most countries; increased soymilk production has been continuously accompanied by soybean by-product accumulation. The residue left from soybean after aqueous extraction from soymilk production is rich in insoluble fiber (55%) and remaining protein (30%) [2]. Several studies have been conducted on soybean by-products to identify different methodologies to minimize the economic and environmental load of food production. Research has revealed that polysaccharides possess immense health beneficial physiological effects including immunomodulatory [3], antiviral [4], and antioxidant activities [5]
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