Abstract
Background: An unbalanced skin microbiota due to an increase in pathogenic vs. commensal bacteria can be efficiently tackled by using prebiotics. The aim of this work was to identify novel prebiotic combinations by exerting species-specific action between S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. Methods: First, the antimicrobial/antibiofilm effect of Xylitol-XYL and Galacto-OligoSaccharides–GOS combined with each other at different concentrations (1, 2.5, 5%) against S. aureus and S. epidermidis clinical strains was evaluated in time. Second, the most species-specific concentration was used to combine XYL with Fructo-OligoSaccharides–FOS, IsoMalto-Oligosaccharides–IMO, ArabinoGaLactan–LAG, inulin, dextran. Experiments were performed by OD600 detection, biomass quantification and LIVE/DEAD staining. Results: 1% XYL + 1% GOS showed the best species-specific action with an immediate antibacterial/antibiofilm action against S. aureus strains (up to 34.54% ± 5.35/64.68% ± 4.77) without a relevant effect on S. epidermidis. Among the other prebiotic formulations, 1% XYL plus 1% FOS (up to 49.17% ± 21.46/37.59% ± 6.34) or 1% IMO (up to 41.28% ± 4.88/36.70% ± 10.03) or 1% LAG (up to 38.21% ± 5.31/83.06% ± 5.11) showed antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects similar to 1% XYL+1% GOS. For all tested formulations, a prevalent bacteriostatic effect in the planktonic phase and a general reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation without loss of viability were recorded. Conclusion: The combinations of 1% XYL with 1% GOS or 1% FOS or 1% IMO or 1% LAG may help to control the balance of skin microbiota, representing good candidates for topic formulations.
Highlights
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays the pivotal role of protecting the host from pathogenic infections and penetration of harmful agents
For S. aureus 815, interesting percentages of planktonic growth reduction were obtained with all tested combinations with a major effect after 3 and 6 h that decreased in time (24 h)
A similar effect was detected for S. aureus PECHA 10 with the major effect at 3 h in all tested conditions
Summary
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays the pivotal role of protecting the host from pathogenic infections and penetration of harmful agents. The skin is colonized by numerous bacterial species, namely skin microbiota that exerts an important role in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis [1]. A healthy balanced microbiota is a microbial shield against pathogenic microorganisms, it prevents dry skin conditions, improves skin health and modulates host immunity [3]. The most commonly isolated bacterium in a healthy skin microbiota is Staphylococcus epidermidis, making up to 90% [4] of the aerobic species. This microorganism balances the inflammatory response after host injury by producing antimicrobial molecules that licenses/by/4.0/)
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