Abstract
Liquid electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries are flammable and slowly degrade to form a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) that irreversibly consumes lithium, decreasing the Coulombic efficiency of the battery. In addition, lithium anodes undergo severe morphology changes during cycling and Li dendrites are formed, which may cause short-circuits inside the battery. Safety concerns and the requirement of higher energy density have stimulated a search for a durable solid-state lithium rechargeable battery (SSLB) with an inorganic or dry polymer electrolyte that is more stable toward the lithium metal and suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. Reducing the reactivity and increasing the poor contact between solid interfaces in these all-solid-state batteries remain challenging and Li-surface modification is one option to be explored to remedy these problems. Here, we review recent progress in surface pre-treatment of 2D lithium foil to enhance the electrochemical performance of various battery configurations. The review is organized based on the different types of modification reported in the literature.
Highlights
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries have been investigated since the 1980s due to the high theoretical specific capacity (3,860 mAh g−1), low redox potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE), and low gravimetric density (0.534 g cm−3) of Li metal (Xu et al, 2014)
Lithium metal electrodes have been recently reconsidered as potential anodes for high-energy density batteries and especially for all-solid state batteries
Numerous strategies, including modified current collectors or separators, electrolyte additives, lithium composite anodes, or utilization of lithium powder instead of 2D lithium foil, have been considered. Most of these techniques are not transferable to an industrial scale or are too expensive. These aspects motivated us to compile the research studies focused on the surface modification of 2D lithium foil because it represents the easiest way to produce industrial quantities of treated lithium directly on the production line
Summary
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries have been investigated since the 1980s due to the high theoretical specific capacity (3,860 mAh g−1), low redox potential (−3.04 V vs. SHE), and low gravimetric density (0.534 g cm−3) of Li metal (Xu et al, 2014). A symmetric cell with modified lithium electrodes showed stable Li stripping/plating for more than 200 cycles while that assembled with pristine lithium presented higher overvoltage and shortcircuited after only 100 cycles at 1 mA cm−2. There is clear evidence that the a-C coating on Li foil can prevent the direct contact between the lithium surface and the electrolyte suppressing the dendrite formation and the formation of a resistive layer, which was confirmed by the invariance in RCT for the symmetric cell standing for 2 days.
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