Abstract
Protein intake is an important factor for augmenting the response to resistance training in healthy individuals. Although food intake can help with anabolism during the day, the period of time during sleep is typically characterized by catabolism and other metabolic shifts. Research on the application of nighttime casein protein supplementation has introduced a new research paradigm related to protein timing. Pre-sleep casein supplementation has been attributed to improved adaptive response by skeletal muscle to resistance training through increases in muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, and strength. However, it remains unclear what the effect of this nutritional strategy is on non-muscular parameters such as metabolism and appetite in both healthy and unhealthy populations. The purpose of this systematic review is to understand the effects of pre-sleep casein protein on energy expenditure, lipolysis, appetite, and food intake in both healthy and overweight or obese individuals. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane, and SPORTDiscus during March 2021, and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. A summary of the main findings shows limited to no effects on metabolism or appetite when ingesting 24–48 g of casein 30 min before sleep, but data are limited, and future research is needed to clarify the relationships observed.
Highlights
Timing of food intake is a major component influencing individual total daily intake.Food consumption primarily in the earlier part of the day is correlated with decreased overall daily intake, whereas consumption closer to nighttime can increase overall daily intake [1]
Nighttime eating behaviors are a contributing factor to additional yearly weight gain in obese women [3]. This relationship may be linked to physiological changes dictated by the circadian rhythm that cause insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure to decrease in the latter half of the day compared to in the morning [4,5]
Preliminary searching across the three databases identified a total of 1964 articles that were exported into the electronic software program Zotero for literature management
Summary
Food consumption primarily in the earlier part of the day is correlated with decreased overall daily intake, whereas consumption closer to nighttime can increase overall daily intake [1] This relationship is affected in part by macronutrient intake, as consumption of either carbohydrates, fats, or proteins in the morning all have a much higher rate of satiation compared to nighttime consumption [2]. Nighttime eating behaviors are a contributing factor to additional yearly weight gain in obese women [3] This relationship may be linked to physiological changes dictated by the circadian rhythm that cause insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure to decrease in the latter half of the day compared to in the morning [4,5]. This issue may be exacerbated, as chronic nighttime eating behaviors can develop into disordered eating patterns such as nighttime eating syndrome (NES) or nocturnal eating/drinking syndrome (NEDS) [6]
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