Pre‐ And Post‐Settlement Determinants of Estuarine Dungeness Crab Recruitment

Abstract

Abundance of early juvenile Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) is dramatically higher in intertidal shell habitats compared to mud habitats in several coastal estuaries of the Pacific Northwest. To define the mechanisms underlying this habitat—specific pattern in abundance, we concurrently examined four components of recruitment to intertidal shell and mud habitats at two locations within the Grays Harbor estuary (Washington, USA): (1) water column supply of crab megalopae (postlarvae); (2) settlement patterns of crab megalopae 8 h after settlement substrates were deployed; (3) density of first benthic juvenile instars (J1) 48 h after deployment of such substrates; and (4) density of early juvenile crab in shell and mud habitats over a 4—mo period. We also describe the physical processes likely to be influencing postlarval supply within Grays Harbor, and take advantage of natural variation in postlarval supply between two locations, in combination with a predator exclusion experiment, to define the relative importance of postlarval supply vs. post—settlement survival in regulating population size of juvenile crab in certain intertidal habitats. Water column postlarval supply (measured with plankton and neuston nets, and artificial settlement substrates) in terms of both megalopal density (number per cubic metre) and flux (number per hour) was significantly higher in the southern part of the estuary vs. the northern part during a week—long settlement pulse. Our field observations and measurements suggest that spatial variation in postlarval supply was due to local differneces in wind—driven surface currents, since tidal current speeds in the two locations were similar. More—over, there was no correlation between current speed and flux of megalopae over the bottom. There was generally no difference in postlarval supply between shell and mud habitats. Our experimental results further indicate that: (1) the abundance of recently settled crab megalopae in 0.25 m2 settlement trays was significantly higher in shell than in mud habitats, irrespective of whether the trays were placed in 3—5 ha of shell vs. mud; (2) there was a positive and significant correlation between postlarval supply and density of megalopae in shell and mud habitats; and (3) there was a positive and significant correlation between postlarval supply and density of J1 instars only in habitats where specific predators were excluded. Once the number of J1 instars at both geographical locations was reduced to similar levels, equivalent but steadily decreasing densities persisted throughout the summer growing season. The decoupling of settlement patterns and density of J1 instars took place within our 48—h sampling interval. Thus, future attempts to examine the correspondence between larval supply and post—settlement abundance of marine benthic species with planktonic larvae should do so at extremely small temporal scales or a critical life history phase may be overlooked. The results from this study demonstrate that substrate selection can affect distribution of juvenile crab, and that predation (including cannibalism) is a key factor regulating local population size of early juvenile crabs in intertidal habitats where postlarval supply is relatively high.