Páramo Lakes of Colombia: An Overview of Their Geographical Distribution and Physicochemical Characteristics

Angela Zapata,Marino Mejía-Rocha,Daivan Valoyes,Claudia L Muñoz-López,Carlos A Rivera-Rondón,Jordi Catalan

doi:10.3390/w13162175

Abstract

The páramo lakes, Colombia, situated in the neotropical region, are of great value both as natural heritage and as water source to the most populated areas of the Andes, but are threatened by expanding agriculture, livestock, mining, and landscape fragmentation. Nonetheless, a general assessment of the lakes’ distribution and biogeochemical characteristics was lacking. We made a complete inventory of the Colombian páramo lakes and characterized their morphometry and water chemistry based on a survey of 51 lakes in the Eastern Cordillera. There are 3250 lakes distributed across 28 páramo complexes in Colombia, mainly located between 3600 and 4400 m a.s.l. The lakes are usually small (<10 ha) and shallow (<10 m). Most of them are slightly acidic (average pH~6), with high nutrient (total phosphorus ~0.6 mg/L, total nitrogen ~1 mg/L) and total organic carbon (~6 mg/L) concentrations and low oxygen (~3.5 mg/L) at the bottom. Water chemistry varies according to two main independent gradients related to watershed bedrock geology and trophic state. Global change pressures may be challenging the preservation of these unique ecosystems. Increasing the protection of more lake watersheds should reduce these potential impacts by mitigating negative synergies with local pressures.

Highlights

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These conditions have favored the formation of peat and a large number of wetlands and lakes
The Colombian high-mountain lakes are clustered in isolated páramo complexes distributed across the mountain ranges and covering 2,900,000 km2 (Figure 1)

Summary

Introduction

The páramo aquatic ecosystems are a unique element of the planet’s natural heritage and are socially crucial because they provide water to the most densely populated areas of the neotropical region of Colombia [1]. The páramo extends across high mountains from. In these areas, air temperature is relatively constant throughout the year and relative humidity high. Air temperature is relatively constant throughout the year and relative humidity high These conditions have favored the formation of peat and a large number of wetlands and lakes. In Colombia, the Andes branch into three mountain ranges in which there are differentiated páramo complexes (Figure 1) above 3000 m altitude. The largest area of páramo ecosystems in Colombia (70%) is in the Eastern Cordillera followed by the Central

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