Pragmatic Markers Distribution in Russian Everyday Speech: Frequency Lists and Other Statistics for Discourse Modeling

Abstract

Pragmatic markers (PMs) are discourse units (words and multiword expressions) with a weakened referential meaning, which perform a variety of pragmatic tasks. For example, in English the common PMs are “well”, “you know”, “I think”, and many others. PMs are integral elements of spoken discourse in every language. According to the results obtained from the ORD corpus of everyday Russian, their share can reach up to 6% of the total number of words in speech of individual speakers. More than that, in some speech fragments, PMs may even exceed the share of significant units (i.e., standard words). However, despite their frequency and usualness, PMs are still poorly understood. Current NLP and discourse modeling systems lack information on PMs distribution and usage, this fact leads to noticeable shortcomings in work of these systems when they face spontaneous speech of everyday spoken discourse. In this paper we present top frequency lists of PMs for Russian dialogue and monologue spoken speech in general, and also for separate sociological groups of informants (by gender and by age). Our current list of PMs for Russian contains 450 units which are the variants of 50 main structural types. Besides, we consider the most frequent functions of PMs in spoken Russian. The presented quantitative data may be used for improvement of NPL and discourse modeling systems.