Abstract
This paper discusses exemplary landslide investigations in natural Carpathian and man-made opencast mine slopes. Research methods included mapping, core drilling, laboratory testing, GPR scanning, on-line inclinometer, piezometer, and pore pressure monitoring and also numerical modelling. Landslide triggers were complex and diverse. On flysch slopes movements were activated by heavy rainfalls and in opencast mines, by exploiting the parameters of clayey soils. Precise prediction of landslide activation is impossible. Identification of landslide triggers for mitigation measures requires a multiple analysis of integrated external and internal variables.
Highlights
Ground movements cause considerable economic loss in many countries every year
Large man-induced mass movements are observed in Polish lignite opencast mines
Precise detection of sliding surfaces locations, movements ranges and directions is basic for recognition of remediation possibilities
Summary
Ground movements cause considerable economic loss in many countries every year. Most of the landslides in Poland, approximately 95 % occurred on natural slopes in the Carpathian Mountains [1]. Warning of landslide hazard in Poland is mostly based on field inspection and mapping These works could recognize landslide location and basic geometrical parameters as size and approximate depth. More advanced landslide monitoring and early warning studies requires identification of many external and internal activation factors and precise location of sliding surface depth using advanced investigation and monitoring methods. Prediction of landslide activation time could be based the analysis of the movements and rainfall or groundwater conditions [4, 5]. Measurements of these parameters and its interpretation could be used to define warning triggers for early warning.
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