Abstract
BackgroundIt is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels. In order to produce biofuels, lignocellulose is pretreated and the resulting cellulose is hydrolyzed by cellulases such as cellobiohydrolases (CBH) and endoglucanases (EG). Until now, the biofuel industry has usually applied impractical celluloses to screen for cellulases capable of degrading naturally occurring, insoluble cellulose. This study investigates how these cellulases adsorb and hydrolyze insoluble α-cellulose − considered to be a more practical substrate which mimics the alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries. Moreover, this study investigates how hydrodynamics affects cellulase adsorption and activity onto α-cellulose.ResultsFirst, the cellulases CBH I, CBH II, EG I and EG II were purified from Trichoderma reesei and CBH I and EG I were utilized in order to study and model the adsorption isotherms (Langmuir) and kinetics (pseudo-first-order). Second, the adsorption kinetics and cellulase activities were studied under different hydrodynamic conditions, including liquid mixing and particle suspension. Third, in order to compare α-cellulose with three typically used celluloses, the exact cellulase activities towards all four substrates were measured.It was found that, using α-cellulose, the adsorption models fitted to the experimental data and yielded parameters comparable to those for filter paper. Moreover, it was determined that higher shaking frequencies clearly improved the adsorption of cellulases onto α-cellulose and thus bolstered their activity. Complete suspension of α-cellulose particles was the optimal operating condition in order to ensure efficient cellulase adsorption and activity. Finally, all four purified cellulases displayed comparable activities only on insoluble α-cellulose.Conclusionsα-Cellulose is an excellent substrate to screen for CBHs and EGs. This current investigation shows in detail, for the first time, the adsorption of purified cellulases onto α-cellulose, the effect of hydrodynamics on cellulase adsorption and the correlation between the adsorption and the activity of cellulases at different hydrodynamic conditions. Complete suspension of the substrate has to be ensured in order to optimize the cellulase attack. In the future, screenings should be conducted with α-cellulose so that proper cellulases are selected to best hydrolyze the real alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries.
Highlights
It is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels
The fractions were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and cellulase activity assays using Avicel and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to differentiate CBHs and EGs, respectively
Higher shaking frequencies clearly improved the adsorption of cellulases, thereby bolstering their respective activity, because adsorption is a prerequisite for cellulose hydrolysis [4,12,13]
Summary
It is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels. The biofuel industry has usually applied impractical celluloses to screen for cellulases capable of degrading naturally occurring, insoluble cellulose. This study investigates how these cellulases adsorb and hydrolyze insoluble a-cellulose − considered to be a more practical substrate which mimics the alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries. A-Cellulose exhibits similar crystallinity and porosity to wood biomass [12] and shows the natural structure of cellulose fibres (Figure 1). Up to now, it has just been used for assaying total cellulase activity [7]. Cellulase adsorption is usually analysed using the Langmuir isotherm [14]. The amount of adsorbed cellulase is decreased with increasing temperature [16,29,30,31]
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