Abstract
In this paper, a practical non-stationary three-dimensional (3-D) channel models for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, considering beam patterns for different antenna elements, is proposed. The beam patterns using dipole antenna elements with different phase excitation toward the different direction of travels (DoTs) contributes various correlation weights for rays related towards/from the cluster, thus providing different elevation angle of arrivals (EAoAs) and elevation angle of departures (EAoDs) for each antenna element. These include the movements of the user that makes our channel to be a non-stationary model of clusters at the receiver (RX) on both the time and array axes. In addition, their impacts on 3-D massive MIMO channels are investigated via statistical properties including received spatial correlation. Additionally, the impact of elevation/azimuth angles of arrival on received spatial correlation is discussed. Furthermore, experimental validation of the proposed 3-D channel models on azimuth and elevation angles of the polarized antenna are specifically evaluated and compared through simulations. The proposed 3-D generic models are verified using relevant measurement data.
Highlights
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has gained lots of attention over the past decade since it provides improved link reliability and high system capacity without extra spectral resource
This paper contributes a phenomenon to investigate the beam waves to provide higher elevation angle is proposed instead of spherical/plane wavefronts. Considering this fact, a 3-D massive MIMO in the far-field is assumed such that the phase of each antenna element is determined by the geometrical relationships and elevation angle of arrivals (EAoAs) and elevation angle of departures (EAoDs) on the antenna arrays are equal to each antenna element with same power angular spread (PAS)
In the far-field condition, the key characteristics of massive MIMO channels such as the elevation angle and phase excitation were not captured by conventional massive MIMO in 3-D
Summary
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has gained lots of attention over the past decade since it provides improved link reliability and high system capacity without extra spectral resource. Previous contributions on channel modeling have been surveying many subjects without tackling the capture of characteristics of 3-D massive MIMO channels in the far-field Based on these references, we shed light on the current technique to develop a clearer understanding of the movement direction of the antenna array, space between antenna elements and cluster movements. This paper contributes a phenomenon to investigate the beam waves to provide higher elevation angle is proposed instead of spherical/plane wavefronts Considering this fact, a 3-D massive MIMO in the far-field is assumed such that the phase of each antenna element is determined by the geometrical relationships and EAoAs and EAoDs on the antenna arrays are equal to each antenna element with same power angular spread (PAS). Note that the measured data is based on the LTE specification as shown in Table 1, such as: using duplexing schemes as time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD), with 10 (MHz) channel bandwidth, 1024 Sub-carriers, 80, 72 normal cyclic prefix length, 140 symbols, 50 Resource blocks for transmission block configuration, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation schemes and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) for multiple access schemes
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