Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors, belonging to the superfamily of receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones, retinoids, and vitamin D. PPARs control the expression of several genes connected with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and it has been demonstrated that PPARs play important roles in determining neural stem cell (NSC) fate. Lipogenesis and aerobic glycolysis support the rapid proliferation during neurogenesis, and specific roles for PPARs in the control of different phases of neurogenesis have been demonstrated. Understanding the changes in metabolism during neuronal differentiation is important in the context of stem cell research, neurodegenerative diseases, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we will discuss pivotal evidence that supports the role of PPARs in energy metabolism alterations during neuronal maturation and neurodegenerative disorders.
Highlights
Neurogenesis, the process of generating neurons, occurs during embryonic and perinatal stages in mammals
PPARγ knockdown showed a strong decrease of glycogen content, concomitant with a significant increase of phosphorylase glycogen brain (PYGB), indicating that PPARγ is critical for neural progenitor stem cells (NPCs) maintenance and energetic storage
Combs and colleagues [99] were the first to report the relationship between PPARγ activation and neurodegeneration, and this evidence was supported by several lines of evidence in animal and cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, and traumatic injuries [100]
Summary
Neurogenesis, the process of generating neurons, occurs during embryonic and perinatal stages in mammals. It occurs in the adult mammalian brain in two principal neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus [1]. Many transcription factors, participating in regulating adult neurogenesis, have been shown to control cell metabolism outside the brain [3]. We will discuss some recent important evidence that supports the role of PPARs on adaptation of energy metabolism during neurogenesis, neuronal development, and neurodegenerative disorders
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