Abstract
BackgroundDiabetic patients are more vulnerable to skeletal complications. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ has a positive regulatory effect on bone turnover under physiologic glucose concentration; however, the regulatory effect in diabetes mellitus has not been investigated yet. Herein, we explored the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist on the regeneration of diabetic bone defects and the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) under a pathological high-glucose condition.MethodsWe detected the effect of PPARβ/δ agonist on osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro and investigated the bone healing process in diabetic rats after PPARβ/δ agonist treatment in vivo. RNA sequencing was performed to detect the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. Western blot was performed to detect the autophagy-related protein level. Laser confocal microscope (LSCM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to observe the formation of autophagosomes.ResultsOur results demonstrated that the activation of PPARβ/δ can improve the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in high-glucose condition and promote the bone regeneration of calvarial defects in diabetic rats, while the inhibition of PPARβ/δ alleviated the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. Mechanistically, the activation of PPARβ/δ up-regulates AMPK phosphorylation, yielding mTOR suppression and resulting in enhanced autophagy activity, which further promotes the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in high-glucose condition. The addition of AMPK inhibitor Compound C or autophagy inhibitor 3-MA inhibited the osteogenesis of rBMSCs in high-glucose condition, suggesting that PPARβ/δ agonist promotes osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs through AMPK/mTOR-regulated autophagy.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential role of PPARβ/δ as a molecular target for the treatment of impaired bone quality and delayed bone healing in diabetic patients for the first time.
Highlights
Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to skeletal complications
Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) agonist promotes osteogenic differentiation and decreases the apoptosis in high‐glucose environment The rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) characterization was performed by threeline differentiation and flow cytometry
We explored the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist on the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in highglucose condition
Summary
Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to skeletal complications. We explored the effects of PPARβ/δ agonist on the regeneration of diabetic bone defects and the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) under a pathological high-glucose condition. Diabetic patients are more vulnerable to skeletal complications, which are called as “diabetic bone disease” or “diabetic osteopathy” [5]. The common diabetic bone diseases include osteoporosis, increased fracture risk and poor bone healing properties [6]. The increased osteoblast apoptosis led to decreased bone remodeling activity [14, 15]. Effective therapeutic methods to promote the bone regeneration in hyperglycemia environment are essential to improve the life quality of patients with diabetic bone diseases
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