Powering Research Stations in Antarctica [History

Abstract

In the beginning of the 20th century, exploration on the continent of Antarctica greatly tested the capability of ship builders to construct rugged wooden ships specifically for polar work. The propulsion systems for these vessels were often equipped with triple-expansion steam engines using coal for fuel, and the ships were barquentine rigged so they could carry significant cargo while maintaining adequate speed under most wind conditions. Fuel oil from rendered whale blubber was carried on board to fire their blubber stoves for cooking and space heating [1]. The crew and passengers consisted of polar explorers, naturalists, scientists, sailors, and adventurers who navigated treacherous ice-packed waters to be the first to attempt to establish a land-based scientific station or to ultimately cross the entire South Polar continent from sea to sea. The experienced whalers who acquired first-hand experience sailing these waters in less sophisticated ships while pursuing their trade were often consulted by the unfamiliar explorers about the challenges they would face in these treacherous waters. They would also provide recommendations on safer seasonal routes to navigate to avoid dangerous ice conditions that could make ship travel near impossible, challenging human survival on the continent of Antarctica.