Abstract
An extended formulation for power system state estimation is presented. The paper shows that any active or reactive power measurement can be implemented linearly independent twice in state estimation algorithms. Thus, redundancy can be increased and, in some cases, even unobservable systems can become observable to a certain degree. The applicability and accuracy of the new formulation are investigated on two synthetic low voltage grids of different size and compared with the conventional state estimation. Five cases with different measurement configurations are considered. In cases where the conventional state estimation formulation cannot be performed, the new formulation produces good results. The paper is a contribution to problems with lack of system observability, a problem particularly often occurring in the monitoring of distribution grids.
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