Abstract
The frequency of extreme events (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods) and man-made attacks (cyber and physical attacks) has increased dramatically in recent years. These events have severely impacted power systems ranging from long outage times to major equipment (e.g., substations, transmission lines, and power plants) destructions. This calls for developing control and operation methods and planning strategies to improve grid resilience against such events. The first step toward this goal is to develop resilience metrics and evaluation methods to compare planning and operation alternatives and to provide techno-economic justifications for resilience enhancement. Although several power system resilience definitions, metrics, and evaluation methods have been proposed in the literature, they have not been universally accepted or standardized. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of current practices of power system resilience metrics and evaluation methods and discusses future directions and recommendations to contribute to the development of universally accepted and standardized definitions, metrics, evaluation methods, and enhancement strategies. This paper thoroughly examines the consensus on the power system resilience concept provided by different organizations and scholars and existing and currently practiced resilience enhancement methods. Research gaps, associated challenges, and potential solutions to existing limitations are also provided.
Highlights
Power system resilience evaluation and enhancement methods have been gaining significant momentum
RESEARCH GAPS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS numerous metrics have been documented to evaluate the resilience of power systems, they are yet to be universally accepted and cannot comprehensively capture the essence of the power system resilience [45], [64]. These metrics (i) often undervalue the impacts of high impact events and focus on normal operating scenarios; (ii) use flat rate price scheme for lost load—the outage caused by extreme event can compound the price of lost load when they last for long durations; (iii) are mostly based on probability of system failure and cannot assess system robustness against disruptions; and (iv) are defined on fixed steady-state probability analysis that usually involves approximation of system state before and after contingencies
It has thoroughly examined the consensus on power system resilience definitions and metrics provided by different organizations and scholars
Summary
Power system resilience evaluation and enhancement methods have been gaining significant momentum. These review papers provide a good review for existing resilience definitions and metrics, they do not provide a critical and comprehensive review nor do they discuss challenges and potential future directions to contribute to developing standardized definitions and metrics They mostly either tackle a specific type of systems, such as microgrids, or focus on listing definitions, metrics, and evaluation and enhancement methods and comparing them with power system reliability. This paper is unique in the sense that it (1) tackles several aspects of power system resilience including transmission and distribution system (DS) aspects, operation and planning practices, and deterministic and probabilistic resilience evaluation and enhancement; (2) provides a critical review for power system resilience including definitions, metrics, evaluation methods, enhancement strategies, optimization methods used for resilience evaluation and enhancement methods, and system, event, and failure modeling approaches; and (3) discusses future directions and recommendations to develop resilience metrics, evaluation methods, and enhancement strategies.
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