Power law dependence of unstable slip velocity on decreasing shear loading stiffness

Abstract

Shear loading stiffness plays a critical role in conditioning the stability of slip on reactivated faults. However, a relationship linking peak slip velocities and shear loading stiffness is lacking. To explore this, we shear granite faults in double direct shear with shear loading stiffnesses spanning two orders to define the effects of shear loading stiffness in conditioning the transition from stable to unstable slip. Our results show that peak slip velocity and acceleration decrease as power law relationships with respect to the shear loading stiffness ratio, with identical exponent, and with a linear relationship between the peak slip velocity and acceleration. The maximum acceleration occurs during the velocity weakening process that limits the peak slip velocity. The power law exponent increases linearly with increasing normal stress. Experimental results also indicate that slip magnitude, stress drop and recurrence time of unstable slip events increase, and slip durations decrease with decreasing stiffness ratios. The spans of limit cycles of velocity versus shear stress decrease, and their shapes evolve from triangular to semicircular with increasing loading stiffness ratio. Stress drops mostly occur during deceleration. The deceleration phase dominates the unstable slip duration that decreases as peak slip velocity increases. Our results indicate that the average stress drop rates over a slip duration increase as a power law relationship with reducing shear loading stiffness, which also contributes to a lower shear loading stiffness producing increased slip velocities and accelerations. Our findings highlight that loading stiffness ratio is an underlying mechanism defining unstable slip behaviors with the normal stress merely conditioning the exponent. The present relationship of unstable slip velocity with shear loading stiffness suggests a way to evaluate hazard of an impending instability event based on the initial shear loading stiffness ratio that can be calculated through the linear-elastic behaviors at the early quasi-static phase.