Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of the aqueous extract of powdered green tea (matcha) (EM) in particulate matter (PM)2.5-induced systemic inflammation in BALB/c mice. EM ameliorated spatial learning and memory function, short-term memory function, and long-term learning and memory function in PM2.5-induced mice. EM protected against antioxidant deficit in pulmonary, dermal, and cerebral tissues. In addition, EM improved the cholinergic system through the regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue, and it protected mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP contents in brain tissue. EM attenuated systemic inflammation and apoptotic signaling in pulmonary, dermal, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal tissues. Moreover, EM suppressed neuronal cytotoxicity and cholinergic dysfunction in hippocampal tissue. This study suggests that EM might be a potential substance to improve PM2.5-induced cognitive dysfunction via the regulation of systemic inflammation.
Highlights
Air pollution is a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM) that contains heavy metals, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ozone, and is known to be harmful to human health [1]
This study evaluated that powdered green tea inhibited cognitive dysfunction and PM2.5 -induced neuronal cytotoxicity by regulating systemic inflammation in BALB/c mice
extract of matcha (EM) improved the cerebral cholinergic system by regulating cerebral ACh contents, AChE activity, and mitochondrial functions. It attenuated the expression of PM2.5 -induced proteins involved in inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK), p-IκB-α, p-NF-κB, BAX, Cas-1, COX-2, and IL-1β in lung tissue, and TNF-α, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Tolllike receptor 2 (TLR2), p-JNK, BAX, and COX-2 in dermal tissue
Summary
Air pollution is a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM) that contains heavy metals, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and ozone, and is known to be harmful to human health [1]. PM2.5 is commonly considered an indicator of air pollution and exhibits detrimental toxicity in the human body [2]. PM2.5 promotes pulmonary and dermal inflammatory responses and causes systemic inflammation through the circulatory system. It causes the secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum, which reach brain tissue [5]
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