Abstract
Background: African Americans (AA) are disproportionally affected by cardiovascular disease as compared to other racial-ethnic groups. Exposure to adverse socioeconomic conditions may partially explain disparities in risk factors and prevalence and cardiovascular diseases for AA. We aim to study the impact of poverty status on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among African Americans. Methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2001-2006. We defined MetS using the Joint Scientific Definition as the presence of any 3/5 components: elevated blood pressure (BP), elevated triglycerides (TGL), lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and elevated waist circumference (WC). Poverty to income ratio (PIR) was categorized as below poverty (3) groups. We used multivariable survey-weighted logistic regression models to study the impact of poverty status of prevalence of MetS and its components among AA men and women. Results: Overall, the average aggregate prevalence of MetS among AA sample was 22% in our study with prevalence being 25% for women and 18% among men (p 3) (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.00 - 2.46, p = 0.05) with no association observed among men (OR (PIR = 1) = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.43 - 1.19, p = 0.13). Further, similar associations were observed for individual components among women including: elevated waist circumference (OR = 2.04, 95%CI = 1.37, 3.01, p 3). No association of poverty status with MetS and its components were observed among AA men. Clustering of factors identified key groups that define MetS among women included WC. Conclusion: African American women living below poverty have a higher likelihood of having MetS and 4 of 5 individual components. Clustering of these factors differ across men and women and should be further explored as tools for clinical management. Main Points: 1) Metabolic syndrome remains an important public health burden among African Americans and shows disparities by socioeconomic status; 2) Women living below poverty were more likely to have MetS and associated components as compared to women living above poverty; 3) Clustering of components gave us snapshot of factors that should be considered to develop gender specific targeted health interventions for MetS among African Americans.
Highlights
Child neglect is an ongoing social problem
The Federal Council argued at that time (2009) that the largely “traditional” distribution of roles within the family was changing only slowly, that there was a lack of willingness by the economy to create conditions for a partnership-based distribution of roles, and that the distribution of roles was seen as a private matter of families
More so than with general family issues, childrearing and motherhood are regarded as genuinely private issues in which the state has not to interfere
Summary
Child neglect is an ongoing social problem. It is estimated that still 5 - 10 per cent of children suffer from it (Bericht des Bundesrates in Erfüllung des Postulats Fehr, 2012: p. 18). At the beginning of the 20th century, the majority of German-language publications addressed the topic of Verwahrlosung (see Aichhorn, 1951; Herriger, 1987; Rühle, 1971), whereas today the German term Vernachlässigung is predominant Common to both terms is that the way these forms are described, the terms applied, and the naming of possible causes all vary across time and disciplines. The present project aims to reconstruct and analyze current discourses on family, childrearing, and motherhood in the context of child neglect This raises questions regarding how these discourses form, how they influence decision-making processes, and whether a continuity can be ascertained in measures of social disciplining. Conducted at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, implemented within the framework of the Swiss National Science Foundation’s Research program 76 “Welfare and Coercion—Past, Present and Future”, and carried out between October 2018 and September 2021
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