Abstract
The application of organic manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilisers is considered a good agricultural practice for smallholder farmers. However, the effect of organic manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its application rate and its chemical composition. A field experiment was carried out during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons at the University of Venda experimental farm (Limpopo Province, South Africa) to determine the effect of three organic manures (cattle, poultry and their 1:1 combination, 20 t/ha) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) performance, grain yield and selected soil properties under rainfed conditions. Poultry manure produced the highest final infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration followed by cattle manure, their combination and the control in that order. Total nitrogen, calcium, and zinc were significantly different between treatments in the first season while potassium, sodium, and zinc were significantly different in the second season. Manure combination and poultry manure produced the highest organic carbon and available phosphorus, respectively, in both seasons compared to other treatments. Organic manure application had a significant (p<0.05) effect on dry matter, plant height and stem girth at all growth stages in the second cropping season but only in the flower bud stage for both parameters in the first season. Manure application in the second season resulted in an increase in the grain yield compared to the first season, except after application of poultry manure whereafter the grain yield decreased significantly by 168% from the first cropping season. The application of organic manure had a significant effect on sunflower grain yield, dry matter, head dry matter, plant height and stem girth throughout all growing stages in the second cropping season with poultry manure producing the best values.
 Significance: 
 
 Application of the three organic manures served as a good source of organic amendments for improvement of plant nutrients and selected soil properties.
 Based on the results of this study, poultry manure can be recommended as the first choice among the manure used for local smallholder farmers, especially under evenly distributed rainfall.
Highlights
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important oilseed crop in South Africa and the third largest grain crop after maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum eastivum).[1]
Organic carbon content was higher in poultry manure than in cattle manure, whereas total nitrogen content was higher in cattle manure than in poultry manure (Table 2)
Application of poultry manure and cattle manure showed a significant influence on final infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration
Summary
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important oilseed crop in South Africa and the third largest grain crop after maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum eastivum).[1] Its seed is used in the manufacture of sunflower oil and oilcake for animal feed. It is a widely adapted crop which grows well under both light-textured and well-drained heavy-textured soils.[2] it can be produced under irrigation as well as under hot and dry climate, making the Limpopo Province an ideal production area.[3] In South Africa, sunflower has been produced mainly in commercial farms.[4] Its production by smallholder farmers in Limpopo Province has been relatively low, accounting for only 526 tons by year 2002, which makes it the lowest among the main field crops.[3] Declining soil fertility coupled with low and erratic rainfall are some of the problems contributing to low agricultural production in this Province. Manure is affordable and readily available for use as a soil amendment.[5]
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