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Abstract
This work presents the first-time application of the ruthenium dioxide–poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate high-capacity composite material as a mediation layer in potassium selective electrodes, which turned out to significantly enhance the electrical and analytical parameters of the electrodes. The idea was to combine the properties of two different types of materials: a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, and a metal oxide, ruthenium dioxide, in order to obtain the material for a solid-contact layer of great electrical and physicochemical parameters. The preparation method for composite material proposed in this work is fast and easy. The mediation layer material was examined using a scanning electron microscope and chronopotentiometry in order to confirm that all requirements for mediation layers materials were fulfilled. Ruthenium dioxide–poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate nancomposite material turned out to exhibit remarkably high electrical capacitance (of approximately 17.5 mF), which ensured great performance of designed K+-selective sensors. Electrodes of electrical capacity equal to 7.2 mF turned out to exhibit fast and stable (with only 0.077 mV potential change per hour) potentiometric responses in the wide range of potassium ion concentrations (10−6 M to 10−1 M). The electrical capacity of ruthenium dioxide–poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate-contacted electrodes characterized by electrical capacitance parameters was the highest reported so far for this type of sensor.
Highlights
IntroductionIon-selective electrodes represent nowadays a broad group of electrochemical sensors
Ion-selective electrodes represent nowadays a broad group of electrochemical sensors.It all started in the beginning of the 20th century when Cremer discovered the electrical properties of a thin glass membrane, which subsequently led to the design of the first potentiometric sensor by Klemensiewicz and Haber [1]
Mediation layers were incorporated into the construction of ion-selective electrodes after removing the internal solution, which was responsible for simplifying the ion-to-electron processes between the electronic conductor and ion-selective membrane
Summary
Ion-selective electrodes represent nowadays a broad group of electrochemical sensors. It all started in the beginning of the 20th century when Cremer discovered the electrical properties of a thin glass membrane, which subsequently led to the design of the first potentiometric sensor by Klemensiewicz and Haber [1]. Mediation layers were incorporated into the construction of ion-selective electrodes after removing the internal solution, which was responsible for simplifying the ion-to-electron processes between the electronic conductor and ion-selective membrane. The elimination of the solution turned out to be beneficial for the miniaturization and flexibility of electrodes, yet disadvantageous for the transduction mechanism, which led to deterioration of the potentiometric response [3,4,5,6]. The role of the mediation layer is both to facilitate the manufacturing process of miniaturized and flexible sensors and to ease the ion-to-electron transduction [2]
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