Abstract
Recently, application of ion selective electrode field in pharmaceutical sciences has expanded due to the most interesting feature of the sensors, which is their remarkably selective recognition. In this work six electrodes were investigated for codeine phosphate (COD) determination including conventional liquid inner contact sensors (sensors 1–3) and solid state sensors (gold: sensor 4, modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes powder (MWCNTs): sensor 5 and gold nanoparticles GNPs-SPE: sensor 6). Potassium tetrakis has proved to be the cationic exchanger of choice which was applied to all the solid contact electrodes with nitrophenyl octyl ether as a plasticizer in a polymeric matrix of polyvinyl chloride. Incorporation of GNPs presents a superior novel performance of the electrode regarding response and sensitivity. Sensors (3, 4 and 6) showed best Nernestian response slopes of 58.19 ± 1.09, 59 ± 0.95 and 62 ± 0.98 mV/decade, respectively over a wide COD concentration range. Those proposed sensors display useful analytical characteristics for determination of COD in bulk powder, combined pharmaceutical formulation with Ibuprofen and monitoring of COD concentration in human plasma. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Moreover, statistical evaluation of the results was carried out compared to a reported HPLC method where the null hypothesis was confirmed.
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