Potentiation of 2‐Methoxyestradiol‐Induced cytotoxicity by blocking endothelin A receptor in prostate cancer cells

Abstract

2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is an antitumoral and antiangiogenic compound that inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, a key regulator of the hypoxic response that promotes tumor progression. HIF-1alpha, the regulated subunit of HIF-1, is overexpressed in premalignant, cancerous and metastatic lesions of prostate. Endothelin (ET)-1 is a HIF target gene and one that plays an important role during prostate bone metastasis via its interaction with endothelin A (ET(A)) receptor. We reasoned that 2ME2 combined with an ET(A) receptor antagonist would induce potent cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cells. PC-3 and LNCaP cells were grown alone or cocultured with human osteoblasts. The cells were treated with 2ME2, with an ET(A) receptor antagonist (BQ-123) or with combinations of both compounds. The cells were then evaluated for cytotoxicity, HIF-1alpha protein expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity. The combination of 2ME2 with BQ-123 induced synergistic cytotoxic effects in prostate cancer cells and in their cocultures with osteoblasts. No synergism was observed when 2ME2 was combined with the ET(B) selective antagonist, BQ-788. These results correlated with inhibition of HIF-1alpha protein expression, HIF-1 transcriptional activity, and PSA mRNA expression. The ET(A) receptor antagonist was capable of potentiating the cytotoxic effects of 2ME2 in prostate cancer cells. These effects were apparently mediated through the inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway. Our in vitro data strengthen the rationale for using 2ME2 in combination with ET(A) receptor antagonists for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.