Abstract
Oxidative stress is closely linked to various diseases, and many studies have been conducted to determine how to reduce this stress. In particular, efforts are being made to find potential antioxidants from natural products. Studies have shown that raspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) has various pharmacological activities. This review summarizes the antioxidant activities of RK and their underlying mechanisms. In several experimental models, it was proven that RK exhibits antioxidant properties through increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC); upregulating antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); and improving lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, research about RK’s antioxidant activities is directly or indirectly related to its other various physiological activities. Further studies at the clinical level will be able to verify the value of RK as an effective antioxidant, functional health food, and therapeutic agent.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the generation of free radicals and reactive metabolites, so-called “oxidants” or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the cell’s ability to neutralize them by antioxidant defense [1]
raspberry ketone (RK) at 200 mg/kg normalized the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was dropped by about 50%
Nrf-2 expression in the RK-treated group was increased by 50% compared with that in the EtOH-treated group
Summary
Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the generation of free radicals and reactive metabolites, so-called “oxidants” or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the cell’s ability to neutralize them by antioxidant defense [1]. This imbalance can lead to damage to important biomolecules and cells and produce more lethal reactive molecules, potentially affecting the whole organism [2]. One of the most common water-soluble antioxidants, primarily forms semidehydroascorbic acid that scavenges hydroxyl, alkoxyl, and superoxide radical anion and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), providing intracellular and extracellular aqueous antioxidant capacity [21]. In this article, we summarize the available information on RK’s antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo and their mechanisms of action
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