Abstract
BackgroundPotentially modifiable lifestyle factors may influence cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of cognitive reserve has been proposed as a mechanism to explain individual differences in rates of cognitive decline, but its potential role as a mediating pathway has seldom been explored using data from large epidemiological studies. We explored the mediating effect of cognitive reserve on the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people.Methods and findingsWe analysed data from 2,315 cognitively healthy participants aged 65 y and over in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS-Wales) cohort collected in 2011–2013. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the overall associations between five lifestyle factors—cognitive and social activity, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking—and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Mediation analysis tested for indirect effects of the lifestyle factors on cognition via cognitive reserve. After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with cognitive function, together accounting for 20% (95% CI 17%–23%) of variance in cognitive test scores. Cognitive reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via cognitive reserve contributing 21% (95% CI 15%–27%) of the overall effect on cognition. The main limitations of the study derive from the cross-sectional nature of the data and the challenges of accurately measuring the latent construct of cognitive reserve.ConclusionsCross-sectional associations support the view that enhancing cognitive reserve may benefit cognition, and maintenance of cognitive health may be supported by a healthy and active lifestyle, in later life.
Highlights
Cognitive health is a major factor in ensuring the quality of life of older people and preserving independence
After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with cognitive function, together accounting for 20% of variance in cognitive test scores
Cognitive reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via cognitive reserve contributing 21% of the overall effect on cognition
Summary
Cognitive health is a major factor in ensuring the quality of life of older people and preserving independence. The contribution of modifiable lifestyle factors to cognitive health means that there may be potential to stabilise or improve declining trajectories of cognitive function. Targeting potentially modifiable lifestyle factors could have positive benefits for cognitive health in later life and serve as a counterweight to elevated genetic risk [8]. Modifiable lifestyle factors may influence cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. We explored the mediating effect of cognitive reserve on the crosssectional association between lifestyle factors and cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people
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