Abstract
Vaccination, designed to trigger a protective immune response against infection, is a trigger for mild inflammatory responses. Vaccination studies can address the question of inflammation initiation, levels, and resolution as well as its regulation for respective studied pathogens. Such studies largely based on analyzing the blood components including specific antibodies and cytokines were usually constrained by number of participants and volume of collected blood sample. Hence, blood-based studies may not be able to cover the full dynamic range of inflammation responses induced by vaccination. In this review, the potential of using saliva in addition to blood for studying the kinetics of inflammatory response studies was assessed. Saliva sampling is noninvasive and has a great potential to be used for studies aimed at analysing the magnitude, time course, and variance in immune responses, including inflammation after vaccination. Based on a literature survey of inflammatory biomarkers that can be determined in saliva and an analysis of how these biomarkers could help to understand the mechanisms and dynamics of immune reactivity and inflammation, we propose that the saliva-based approach might have potential to add substantial value to clinical studies, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants, toddlers, and ill individuals.
Highlights
Inflammation is part of the body’s natural immune defenses reactivity
Three strategies were used to obtain relevant literature to support our proposal to use a noninvasive approach to measure inflammatory response: (1) Studying inflammation induced by vaccination: Literature search was performed in PubMed and all articles which are presented in full text have been used
C-reactive protein (CRP) and acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels increased after 2 days after vaccination, (p < 0.05); no significant change in other acute-phase proteins
Summary
Inflammation is part of the body’s natural immune defenses reactivity. Inflammation is essential for a proper immune response to protect the body against infectious insults; excessive inflammation can cause significant damage. An appropriate control of inflammation is essential for maintaining health. In most cases we do not know how much inflammation is too much and when should it stop. Inflammation occurs when the body is injured or infected. Such conditions trigger an immune response, which leads to raised levels of inflammatory markers (within minutes or hours) that in turn activate and recruit immune cells [1]. The immune cells will participate in the resolution of inflammation and in the healing process
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