Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), second most leading cause of cancer-associated mortality globally, is the cancer of gastrointestinal tract in which malignant cells form in lining of the stomach, resulting in indigestion, pain, and stomach discomfort. Autophagy is an intracellular system in which misfolded, aggregated, and damaged proteins, as well as organelles, are degraded by the lysosomal pathway, and avoiding abnormal accumulation of huge quantities of harmful cellular constituents. However, the exact molecular mechanism of autophagy-mediated GC management has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we emphasized the role of autophagy in the modulation and development of GC transformation in addition to underlying the molecular mechanisms of autophagy-mediated regulation of GC. Accumulating evidences have revealed that targeting autophagy by small molecule activators or inhibitors has become one of the greatest auspicious approaches for GC managements. Particularly, it has been verified that phytochemicals play an important role in treatment as well as prevention of GC. However, use of combination therapies of autophagy modulators in order to overcome the drug resistance through GC treatment will provide novel opportunities to develop promising GC therapeutic approaches. In addition, investigations of the pathophysiological mechanism of GC with potential challenges are urgently needed, as well as limitations of the modulation of autophagy-mediated therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in this review, we would like to deliver an existing standard molecular treatment strategy focusing on the relationship between chemotherapeutic drugs and autophagy, which will help to improve the current treatments of GC patients.
Highlights
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common frequently gastrointestinal and deadly cancers with more than one million new cases diagnosed yearly, which is the largest reason among the cancer fatalities worldwide (Hoang and Vu 2021)
It has been found that miR-21 is overexpressed, and its anomalous expression has an important role in GC growth via modulating tumor suppressors PTEN and
Several factors may control the intracellular autophagy level, which determines the effectiveness of antitumor therapies based on autophagy modulation in GC
Summary
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common frequently gastrointestinal and deadly cancers with more than one million new cases diagnosed yearly, which is the largest reason among the cancer fatalities worldwide (Hoang and Vu 2021). Autophagy regulates in the activation of several cancer-related genes, which inhibits tumor promotion and suppression (Botti et al, 2006; Maiuri et al, 2009). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short (~22 nucleotides in length) noncoding RNA molecules, can control gene expression at a posttranscriptional level, which has an important association in autophagy-mediated GC regulation. Dietrelated natural ingredients may control autophagy in the GC cell that promote cancer cell chemosensitivity (Xu et al, 2020a). We would like to represent an overview of the literature in association with autophagy modulation in GC treatment as well as the role of autophagy boosting and suppressing, which control GC growth and invasion as a potential treatment strategy and managements
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