Abstract
Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Highlights
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a novel virus in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]
The relevance of the effect of Modified pectin (MP) through GAL-3 antagonism to the progression of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients can be extrapolated from the perspective of (i) MP and GAL-3 binding as a mediator for viral adhesion in the virus infection mechanism through the viral spike protein, given that the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 evolves from a galectin origin, (ii) MP and GAL-3 response to inflammation and macrophage driving the cytokine storm in severe SARS-CoV-2 cases
We reported the initiation of most likely structural citrus pectin (MCP) and adhesion of probiotic bacteria to specific receptors on the epithelial cell surface of the colon to inhibit the extracellular matrix interactions of GAL-3 [17]
Summary
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a novel virus in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, causing the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]. This review l interacting with other proteins and peptides, limiting its capacity to stimulate cell adhehighlight the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GA sion, migration, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis and apoptosis [28,29,30] This suggests that MP hibitor, and the associated function concerning. The genetic manipulation or inhibition of TLR4 may impede the activation of NLRP3 to reduce the ability of the influenza A virus replication [51] through ORF8b-associated GAL-3 inhibition This implies that targeting the inhibition of GAL-3 may affect viral RNA synthesis in the case of the SARS-CoV-2. GAL-3 can bind glycoconjugates as an aggregate of cells coming together to form cell–matrix interactions [57]
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