Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a life-threatening cerebral vascular disease and accounts for high disability and mortality worldwide. Currently, no efficient therapeutic strategies are available for promoting neurological recovery in clinical practice, except rehabilitation. The majority of neuroprotective drugs showed positive impact in pre-clinical studies but failed in clinical trials. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for new promising therapeutic approaches for ischemic stroke treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomes mediate communication between cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. Exosomes have received extensive attention for therapy following a stroke, because of their unique characteristics, such as the ability to cross the blood brain–barrier, low immunogenicity, and low toxicity. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated positively neurorestorative effects of exosome-based therapy, which are largely mediated by the microRNA cargo. Herein, we review the current knowledge of exosomes, the relationships between exosomes and stroke, and the therapeutic effects of exosome-based treatments in neurovascular remodeling processes after stroke. Exosomes provide a viable and prospective treatment strategy for ischemic stroke patients.
Highlights
In this review, Recentfollowing evidence stroke, indicates thatare exosomes can be released into the blood brain cells we focus on recent advances about exosome involvement in ischemic stroke and responding to stroke, and exosome-based therapy shows beneficial neurorestorativediscuss effects the therapeutic impact applications of exosomes[26,27]
Brain restoration after ischemic stroke involves a series of highly interactive processes, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and immune responses, which together accelerate the reconstruction of neurovascular units and neurological recovery [109,110,111]
Exosomes derived from multiple cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, neural stem cells, neuron, and bioengineered cells, can improve the reconstruction of neurovascular units and functional recovery through angiogenesis, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and inflammation regulation following stroke
Summary
Logical and pathological processes [20,21] Compared with their parent cells, exosomes and a lower expression of membrane‐bound proteins, which leads have a nanoscale size material, including microRNA and proteins, which plays indispensable roles in physioto minimal immune response and toxicity in non‐immunosuppressed models [22,23,24]. Exosomes are stable in the circulation andcan have abilityinto to cross the blood–brain cells responding toThese stroke,unique and exosome‐based showsmore beneficial neurorestorative barrier (BBB) [25]. In this review, Recentfollowing evidence stroke, indicates thatare exosomes can be released into the blood brain cells we focus on recent advances about exosome involvement in ischemic stroke and responding to stroke, and exosome-based therapy shows beneficial neurorestorativediscuss effects the therapeutic impact applications of exosomes[26,27]. Focus on recent advances about exosome involvement in ischemic stroke and discuss the therapeutic impact and potential applications of exosomes for ischemic stroke treatment
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