Potential Role of Chlorination Pathways in PCDD/F Formation in a Municipal Waste Incinerator

Abstract

The role of chlorination reactions in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in a municipal waste incinerator was assessed by comparing predicted chlorination isomer patterns with incinerator flue gas measurements. Complete distributions of PCDD and PCDF congeners were obtained from a stoker-type municipal waste incinerator operated under 13 test conditions. Samples were collected from the flue gas prior to the gas cleaning system. While total PCDD/F yields varied by a factor of 5 to 6, the distributions of congeners were similar. A conditional probability model, dependent only on the observed distribution of monochlorinated isomers, was developed to predictthe distributions of polychlorinated isomers formed by chlorination of dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD) and dibenzofuran (DF). Agreement between predicted and measured PCDF isomer distributions was high for all homologues, supporting the hypothesis that DF chlorination can play an important role in the formation of PCDF byproducts. The PCDD isomer distributions, on the other hand, did not agree well with model predictions, suggesting that DD chlorination was not a dominant PCDD formation mechanism at this incinerator. This work demonstrates the use of PCDD/F isomer patterns for testing formation mechanism hypotheses, and the findings are consistent with those from other municipal waste combustion studies.