Abstract
Ambient PM2.5-bound ions, OC, EC, heavy metals (HMs), 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 hopanes, and 29 n-alkanes were detected at Tuoji Island (TI), the only marine background atmospheric monitoring station in North China. The annual PM2.5 average concentration was 47 ± 31 μg m−3, and the average concentrations of the compositions in PM2.5 were higher in cold seasons than in warm seasons. The cancer and non-cancer risks of HMs and PAHs in cold seasons were also higher than in warm seasons. BaP, Ni, and As dominated the ∑HQ (hazard quotient) in cold seasons, while the non-carcinogenic risk in warm seasons was mainly dominated by Ni, Mn, and As. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) values associated with Cr and As were higher in the cold season, while ILCR-Ni values were higher in the warm season. The backward trajectory was calculated to identify the potential directions of air mass at TI. Through the diagnostic ratios of organic and inorganic tracers, the sources of particulate matter in different directions were judged. It was found that ship emissions and sea salt were the main sources from marine directions, while coal combustion, vehicles emissions, industrial process, and secondary aerosols were the main source categories for inland directions. In addition, potential HM and PAH risks from inland and marine directions were explored. The non-cancerous effects of TI were mainly affected by inland transport, especially from the southeast, northwest, and west-northwest. The cancerous effects of TI were mainly simultaneously affected by the inland direction and marine direction of transport.
Highlights
Introduction iationsAirborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is of significant interest owing to its negative effects on climate change and human health all over the world [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
The average concentrations of PM2.5 were higher in the cold season (58 ± 35 μg m−3 ) than in the warm season (41 ± 21 μg m−3 )
Dominated the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Cluster 4. This result is consistent with the results reported by Zhang et al [11], who found that rich, high molecular-weight PAHs were mainly contributed by source emissions in the BTH region
Summary
Introduction iationsAirborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is of significant interest owing to its negative effects on climate change and human health all over the world [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Island (TI) is the only marine national background atmospheric monitoring station used for regional ambient air quality monitoring in North China [9,10,11] It gives us a special and rare opportunity to study the influence of inland and marine transmission and some special sources (such as ship emissions) for the marine background atmospheric monitoring station. The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Abstract: Ambient PM2.5 -bound ions, OC, EC, heavy metals (HMs), 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 7 hopanes, and 29 n-alkanes were detected at Tuoji Island (TI), the only marine background atmospheric monitoring station in North China. Through the diagnostic ratios of organic and inorganic tracers, the sources of particulate matter in different directions were judged
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