Abstract
Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects. The cleavage of the cyclopentane ring leads to secoiridoids. Mainly, secoiridoids have shown a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity, which increase the interest of studying these types of bioactive compounds in depth. Secoiridoids are thoroughly distributed in several families of plants such as Oleaceae, Valerianaceae, Gentianaceae and Pedialaceae, among others. Specifically, Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae) is rich in oleuropein (OL), dimethyl-OL, and ligstroside secoiridoids, and their hydrolysis derivatives are mostly OL-aglycone, oleocanthal (OLE), oleacein (OLA), elenolate, oleoside-11-methyl ester, elenoic acid, hydroxytyrosol (HTy), and tyrosol (Ty). These compounds have proved their efficacy in the management of diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and viral and microbial infections. Particularly, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of secoiridoids from the olive tree (Olea europaea L. (Oleaceae)) have been suggested as a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the protective role of secoiridoids derived from the olive tree (preclinical studies and clinical trials) in diseases with an important pathogenic contribution of oxidative and peroxidative stress and damage, focusing on their plausible mechanisms of the action involved.
Highlights
Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects
There is evidence indicating that secoiridoids from the olive tree has a large potential as a therapy for a wide variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related diseases
Interesting studies performed with animal and cell models suggest that secoiridods intake may be beneficial for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of such diseases
Summary
Iridoids, which have beneficial health properties, include a wide group of cyclopentane [c] pyran monoterpenoids present in plants and insects. Iridoids were first isolated in the latter part of the 19th century, but Halpern and Schmid proposed the basic skeleton of the iridoids in their investigation of the structure of plumieride in 1958 [2] They are secondary metabolites of terrestrial and marine flora and fauna, being found in a large number of plants families, usually as glycosides. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 149 chemotaxonomically useful as markers of genus in various plant families They exhibit a wide range of bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, and antiviral activities [3]. They are used as bitter tonics, sedatives, antipyretics, cough drugs, remedies for skin disorders, and as hypotensive agents. This fact encouraged us to study the bioactivities of these phytochemicals in depth and update the latest preclinical and clinical data on its bioactivity and potential therapeutic uses
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