Abstract
Plant phenotyping is an emerging science that combines multiple methodologies and protocols to measure plant traits (e.g., growth, morphology, architecture, function, and composition) at multiple scales of organization. Manual phenotyping remains as a major bottleneck to the advance of plant and crop breeding. Such constraint fostered the development of high throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP), which is largely based on imaging approaches and automatized data retrieval and processing. Field phenotyping still poses major challenges and the progress of HTPP for field conditions can be relevant to support selection and breeding of grapevine. The aim of this review is to discuss potential and current methods to improve field phenotyping of grapevine to support characterization of inter- and intravarietal diversity. Vitis vinifera has a large genetic diversity that needs characterization, and the availability of methods to support selection of plant material (polyclonal or clonal) able to withstand abiotic stress is paramount. Besides being time consuming, complex and expensive, field experiments are also affected by heterogeneous and uncontrolled climate and soil conditions, mostly due to the large areas of the trials and to the high number of traits to be observed in a number of individuals ranging from hundreds to thousands. Therefore, adequate field experimental design and data gathering methodologies are crucial to obtain reliable data. Some of the major challenges posed to grapevine selection programs for tolerance to water and heat stress are described herein. Useful traits for selection and related field phenotyping methodologies are described and their adequacy for large scale screening is discussed.
Highlights
The EU is the leading global wine producer, with about 44% of the world’s vine-growing area and sustaining about 57% of wine production by volume (OIV, 2020)
The results identified quantifiable differences between the two varieties regarding these parameters and, interestingly the authors observed a large range of distribution of values in each variety
The application of the methodology was done in a field trial with 255 different clones established according to a resolvable incomplete block experimental design with five complete blocks: each complete block comprised the effect of the complete block and the effect of the day; each column within each complete block, with approximately 13 plots, constituted an incomplete block, which comprised the effect of the time of day
Summary
The EU is the leading global wine producer, with about 44% of the world’s vine-growing area (circa 3.2 million ha) and sustaining about 57% of wine production by volume (OIV, 2020). European Mediterranean countries lead the cultivated area of grapevine for wine production worldwide (OIV, 2020) but they are increasingly exposed to more adverse weather conditions, Phenotyping for Abiotic Stress in Grapevine with air temperatures rising from 2 to 5°C in major winemaking regions in parallel with changes in precipitation patterns or/ and higher frequency of extreme weather events, such as heat waves (IPCC, 2014; Fraga, 2020; Lorenzo et al, 2021) These changes have a serious impact on the sustainability of the wine sector in Mediterranean countries (e.g., Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and Portugal). Vitis vinifera has a large genetic diversity that needs characterization to support selection of better adapted plant material (polyclonal or clonal), namely to abiotic stress
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