Abstract
A green technique was developed to extract hyaluronic acid (HA) from tuna vitreous humor (TVH) for its potential application in managing dry eye disease. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were used to extract HA and were synthesized using natural compounds (lactic acid, fructose, and urea). The DES, the soluble fraction of TVH in DES (SF), and the precipitated extracts (PE) were evaluated for their potential use in dry eye disease treatment. In vitro experiments on human corneal epithelial cell lines and the effect on dry eye-associated microorganisms were performed. The influence of the samples on the HCE viability, their intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, inflammatory response, and antimicrobial properties were studied. According to the results, all samples displayed an antioxidant effect, which was significantly higher for PE in comparison to SF. Most of the tested samples did not induce an inflammatory response in cells, which confirmed the safety in ophthalmic formulations. In addition, the DES and SF proved to be efficient against the studied bacterial strains, while PE did not show an antimicrobial effect. Hence, both DES and SF at defined concentrations could be used as potential compounds in dry eye disease management.
Highlights
Nowadays, seeking ingredients from natural sources is on the rise as companies are more committed to the sustainable development of green products [1]
Deep eutectic solvents (DES) were prepared by combining lactic acid with fructose and urea as they are natural, low-cost, and non-toxic compounds that have been applied in several drug formulations and therapeutical applications [35,36,37]
500 μL for precipitated extracts (PE) sample/mL, the highest concentration tested, corresponding to 148 and 76 μg hyaluronic acid (HA)/mL for PELA:F and PELA:U, respectively. These results suggest that DES testing samples are the most promising compounds to be used for antimicrobial effect against the 2 selected bacterial strains, as their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 4 to 16 mg/mL
Summary
Nowadays, seeking ingredients from natural sources is on the rise as companies are more committed to the sustainable development of green products [1]. The use of marine by-products as a source of natural ingredients has attracted great attention due to their abundance, low cost, safety, and environmental benefits [2]. The Food and Agricultural Organization refers to food waste as the disposal of inedible food fractions along the entire food production and distribution chain [5]. Some of these wastes are classified as avoidable food waste, depending on the causes that lead to its generation, which could be prevented. Using inedible food wastes as a source of bioactive molecules for drug formulation is of high value with environmental and therapeutical benefits
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