Abstract
Energy performance upgrade of stadiums constitutes a complex and demanding task because of both the size and the variety of the involved energy loads. The present article aims to summarize the basic results of the implemented study on the energy performance upgrade of the Pancretan Stadium, Crete, Greece. This target was approached with a cluster of passive and active measures: replacement of old openings, a photovoltaic station, an open loop geothermal system, installation of energy-efficient lighting devices, a solar-biomass combi system and a Building Energy Management System (BEMS) for the control of the main energy consumptions. The dimensioning of all the proposed active systems is optimized through the computational simulation of their annual operation. With the applied technologies, the achieved annual energy saving percentage exceeds 83%. The Renewable Energy Sources annual penetration percentage is calculated at 82% versus the annual energy consumption. The Stadium’s energy performance is upgraded from rank D to rank A+, according to the European Union’s directives. The set-up cost of the under consideration energy performance upgrade systems is approximately calculated at 2,700,000 €, with a payback period of 12 years, calculated versus the achieved monetary savings due to the reduction of the consumed energy resources.
Highlights
The electricity consumption annual time series was calculated on the basis of the existing heating and cooling loads coverage as described above, the ambient temperature (Figure 3b, Section 2.2) and the Coefficient of Performance (COP) and the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
Diesel oil is exclusively consumed in Pancretan Stadium for hot water production
The execution of the dimensioning optimization methodology concluded to the configuration of four independent solar collectors’ fields, each one of them consisting of 32 collectors and connected to a different thermal storage tank
Summary
Large stadiums exhibit high energy needs for a variety of consumptions. This is because, apart from the main outdoor ground, the indoor space below the stadiums’ stands is most commonly exploited to host a series of sports facilities, offices, etc., imposing energy consumptions for: Appl. A novel approach is the combined production of thermal energy and electricity with photovoltaic hybrid solar thermal panels, maximizing the overall efficiency of the involved technology and the economic feasibility of the project [28,29]. The significant lighting needs for both indoor and outdoor space can be covered with the installation of low energy consumption electrical bulbs, i.e., of LED technology, leading to overall annual energy saving percentages higher than 30% [30,31,32]. The introduction of passive measures for indoor space envelope, such as the insulation of opaque surfaces or the installation of energy-efficient openings, can lead to considerable reduction of the existing annual heating and cooling loads (up to 40%) [41]. A special case is the introduction of passive lighting systems, e.g., the installation of tubular daylight systems, favoring the maximisation of the natural lighting for indoor space through the whole daytime period [50]
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