Abstract
The supply of land-based agricultural products as aquafeed raw materials is challenged by limitations on space and water, and by environmental damage. Marine environments offer a vast opportunity for the expansion of aquaculture, including the production of feed raw materials. Besides fishmeal and fish oil, which are generated from capture fisheries, the use of marine-based feed raw materials from aquaculture production is not yet in common practice. Here, we discuss the potential of underutilized marine organisms that can be cultured by extracting nutrients from their environment and are nutritionally compatible for use as alternative feed materials in aquaculture. We identify marine organisms such as blue and green mussels, Ulva spp., and microbial floc that are nutritionally suitable as aquafeed raw material and may further act as bioremediators. However, environmental factors that affect productivity and the risk of pollutant accumulations, which would potentially reduce the safety of aquaculture products for human consumption, may pose challenges to such applications of extractive organisms. Therefore, the development of pretreatment and processing technologies will be critical for improving the nutritional quality and safety of these raw materials for aquafeed production.
Highlights
Aquaculture is expected to meet the majority of the demand for seafood, given that capture fisheries have been in stagnation for the last few decades (FAO, 2020)
Here, we focus on the technical potential of new ingredients as a first step for scoping novel raw materials of interest for the aquafeed industry
We identify some marine organisms that are potentially useful for aquafeed; these are classified into three groups: of animal, macroalgae, and microscopic origins (Table 1)
Summary
Aquaculture is expected to meet the majority of the demand for seafood, given that capture fisheries have been in stagnation for the last few decades (FAO, 2020). Here, we focus on the technical potential of new ingredients as a first step for scoping novel raw materials of interest for the aquafeed industry In this minireview, our focus is mainly given to macro- and microscopic organisms that are high in productivity and can be cultured by using nutrient waste or by-products, either in open marine environments or in enclosures in coastal areas. There are at least three animal-origin materials that have the potential to be used as a protein source in aquafeed: mussels, artemia, and amphipods These animals are low-trophic-level organisms that extract nutrients from primary producers such as microalgae and/or particulate organic matters in the aquatic environment. A recent study by Herawati et al (2020) showed that Phronima sp. cultured using microalgae and cow manure could be used as the sole food for Pacific white shrimp postlarvae
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