Abstract
RNA editing alters the identity of nucleotides in an RNA sequence so that the mature transcript differs from the template defined in the genome. This process has been observed in chloroplasts and mitochondria of both seed and early land plants. However, the frequency of RNA editing in plant mitochondria ranges from zero to thousands of editing sites. To date, analyses of RNA editing in mitochondria of early land plants have been conducted on a small number of genes or mitochondrial genomes of a single species. This study provides an overview of the mitogenomic RNA editing potential of the main lineages of these two groups of early land plants by predicting the RNA editing sites of 33 mitochondrial genes of 37 species of liverworts and mosses. For the purpose of the research, we newly assembled seven mitochondrial genomes of liverworts. The total number of liverwort genera with known complete mitogenome sequences has doubled and, as a result, the available complete mitogenome sequences now span almost all orders of liverworts. The RNA editing site predictions revealed that C-to-U RNA editing in liverworts and mosses is group-specific. This is especially evident in the case of liverwort lineages. The average level of C-to-U RNA editing appears to be over three times higher in liverworts than in mosses, while the C-to-U editing frequency of the majority of genes seems to be consistent for each gene across bryophytes.
Highlights
RNA editing is a modification of transcripts encoded by organellar and nuclear genomes that occurs in various organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists [1,2,3,4]
Both mitochondrial genome sizes and GC contents are consistent with previous studies on liverworts [20,36,37,38,39,40]
The results obtained in this study concerned the main lineages of liverworts and mosses, which is the first case of such extensive study of mitogenomic RNA editing in early land plants
Summary
RNA editing is a modification of transcripts encoded by organellar and nuclear genomes that occurs in various organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists [1,2,3,4]. The modifications of transcripts caused by the RNA editing effect with encoding of alternative amino acid sequences is necessary for correct functioning of some protein-coding genes [5]. The RNA editing may be involved in increasing genetic diversity and adaptation [6]. In plants, this process appears mainly in the protein-coding regions of a genome, but several cases of RNA editing of structural RNAs, introns, or spacers have been reported [7,8]. RNA editing seems to be more common in mitogenomes than plastomes [9,15], the frequency and type of editing is assumed as species specific [16]
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