Abstract
The high incidence of obesity is associated with an increasing risk of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sustained obesity is characterized by a chronic and unsolved inflammation of adipose tissue, which leads to a greater expression of proinflammatory adipokines, excessive lipid storage and adipogenesis. The purpose of this review is to clarify how inflammatory mediators act during adipose tissue dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance and all obesity-associated diseases. In particular, we focused our attention on the role of inflammatory signaling in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), which represent a relevant component of adipose alterations during obesity. Furthermore, we reported the most recent evidence in the literature on nutraceutical supplementation in the management of the adipose inflammatory state, and in particular on their potential effect on common inflammatory mediators and pathways, responsible for WAT and BAT dysfunction. Although further research is needed to demonstrate that targeting pro-inflammatory mediators improves adipose tissue dysfunction and activates thermogenesis in BAT and WAT browning during obesity, polyphenols supplementation could represent an innovative therapeutic strategy to prevent progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
Highlights
PCR analysis showed that high-fat diet (HFD) induces a significant increase in the mRNA expression of the inducible IKK family member IKKε in white adipose tissue (WAT), while mice bearing a targeted deletion of IKKε are surprisingly protected from diet-induced obesity and adipose inflammation [48]
Role of Dietary Polyphenols on Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Polyphenols, such as stilbenes, flavonoids and curcuminoids, are natural compounds largely presents in fruits, vegetables, cereals and beverages with a broad range of biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-thrombotic, anti-aging and anti-cancer, which afford potential efficacy in modulation of many pathological conditions, in particular those caused by oxidative stress and/or chronic inflammation, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic diseases [106,107]
The main source of this inflammation is WAT, an active endocrine organ secreting adipokines, which can directly interfere with insulin signaling and recruit macrophages contributing to an inflamed state in the adipose tissue
Summary
Little is known about the role of inflammatory signalling in BAT thermogenic activity and regarding the browning of WAT, which represent a relevant component of adipose alterations during obesity, as well as an interesting field of research for the identification of new therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic disorders. 2. Depot-Specific Differences in Infiltration of Adipose Macrophage and Role of Gut in Visceral Fat Inflammation. In obese people inflammation is much more pronounced in visceral fat, with a higher accumulation of inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and a greater secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, compared with subcutaneous fat [11,12]. 88 (MyD88)-dependent leading to Nuclear factor(NF-κB) activation and to transcription of proinflammatory genes both in adipocytes and ATM [21,22]
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