Potential of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Maxillofacial and Periodontal Regeneration: A Narrative Review.

Hamid Reza Khorasani,Davood Sabour,Mahboubeh Sanchouli,Javad Mehrani,Zohaib Khurshid

doi:10.1155/2021/4759492

Abstract

Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are one of the most widely studied postnatal stem cell populations and are considered to utilize more frequently in cell-based therapy and cancer. These types of stem cells can undergo multilineage differentiation including blood cells, cardiac cells, and osteogenic cells differentiation, thus providing an alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering and personalized medicine. Despite the ability to reprogram human adult somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in culture which provided a great opportunity and opened the new door for establishing the in vitro disease modeling and generating an unlimited source for cell base therapy, using MSCs for regeneration purposes still have a great chance to cure diseases. In this review, we discuss the important issues in MSCs biology including the origin and functions of MSCs and their application for craniofacial and periodontal tissue regeneration, discuss the potential and clinical applications of this type of stem cells in differentiation to maxillofacial bone and cartilage in vitro, and address important future hopes and challenges in this field.

Highlights

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the pluripotent stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst embryo, are able to differentiate into all body cell types as well as three embryonic germ layers, which consist of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. ey are having high proliferation and self-renewal capability
One type of adult stem cells is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are involved in the growth, wound healing, and replacement of cells that are lost daily by exfoliation or in pathological conditions and can differentiate into several tissues including cartilage, bone, muscle, cardiac, and blood cells
MSCs are able to induce repair in neuronal, hepatic, and skeletal muscle cells after infusion in both preclinical and clinical models [4,5,6,7]. ese characteristics make them a potential tool for tissue engineering and tissue repair [8]. ere are some major bottlenecks for International Journal of Dentistry using ESCs including high tumor formation capability, which make extremely challenging to use those cells for therapeutic purposes and bring many ethical problems [9, 10]

Summary

Introduction

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the pluripotent stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst embryo, are able to differentiate into all body cell types as well as three embryonic germ layers, which consist of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. ey are having high proliferation and self-renewal capability. The potential of MSCs to efficiently differentiate into bone, fat, muscle, dental tissues, and cartilage as well as the noninvasive procedure to access an unlimited number of stem cells from patient’s bone marrow increased the demand of using these cells for cell therapy [42, 44, 62]. In past decades, applying stem cells for therapeutic purposes have great promise to solve this issue [63] Friedenstein and his colleagues have firstly identified MSCs in bone marrow, which has opened a new era in regenerative medicine [64, 65]. The bone supply is restricted, and there is a risk of postoperative bone holes [126,127,128]

Periodontal Regeneration

Future Perspective