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Abstract
BackgroundNeuroimaging-biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) allow an early diagnosis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The goal in this paper was to review of biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with emphasis on neuroimaging biomarkers.MethodsA systematic review was conducted from existing literature that draws on markers and evidence for new measurement techniques of neuroimaging in AD, MCI and non-demented subjects. Selection criteria included: 1) age ≥ 60 years; 2) diagnosis of AD according to NIAAA criteria, 3) diagnosis of MCI according to NIAAA criteria with a confirmed progression to AD assessed by clinical follow-up, and 4) acceptable clinical measures of cognitive impairment, disability, quality of life, and global clinical assessments.ResultsSeventy-two articles were included in the review. With the development of new radioligands of neuroimaging, today it is possible to measure different aspects of AD neuropathology, early diagnosis of MCI and AD become probable from preclinical stage of AD to AD dementia and non-AD dementia.ConclusionsThe panel of noninvasive neuroimaging-biomarkers reviewed provides a set methods to measure brain structural and functional pathophysiological changes in vivo, which are closely associated with preclinical AD, MCI and non-AD dementia. The dynamic measures of these imaging biomarkers are used to predict the disease progression in the early stages and improve the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in these diseases in future clinical trials.
Highlights
Neuroimaging-biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) allow an early diagnosis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
The searches were limited to human studies in English language including potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) biomarkers
Inclusion criteria: 1) age ≥ 60 years; 2) diagnosis of AD according to the National Institute on AgingAlzheimer’s Association (NIAAA) criteria [2], 3) diagnosis of MCI according to National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association (NIAAA) criteria [4] with a confirmed progression to AD assessed by clinical follow-up, and 4) acceptable clinical measures of cognitive impairment, disability, quality of life, and global clinical assessments
Summary
Neuroimaging-biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) allow an early diagnosis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The goal in this paper was to review of biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with emphasis on neuroimaging biomarkers. New criteria for diagnosis of MCI in clinical and research settings have been published [3, 4] In this context neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers for amyloid deposition and hippocampal atrophy can be measured more than 10 years before the onset of dementia [5, 6]. The application of these markers could enhance the specificity of clinical diagnosis and improve the prediction of the disease progression. The objective in this paper was to review of biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD, with emphasis on neuroimaging biomarkers
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