Abstract

An overview on investigations done all over the world for possible recovery of REE from non-conventional secondary resources, especially industrial process residues, is presented. Such residues include phosphogypsum, phosphoric acid, coal fly ash, bauxite residue (red mud), mine tailings, metallurgical slags, waste water streams and recycling of waste electrical and electronic items containing REE. We need to encourage technospheric mining to optimise REE recovery from secondary industrial process residues including recycling REE-bearing products.

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