Potential for phytoextraction of copper, lead, and zinc by rice ( Oryza sativa L.), soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and maize ( Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators has been proposed for decreasing toxic-metal concentrations of contaminated soils. However, hyperaccumulators have several shortcomings to introduce these species into Asian Monsoon's agricultural fields contaminated with low to moderate toxic-metals. To evaluate the phytoextraction potential, maize (Gold Dent), soybean (Enrei and Suzuyutaka), and rice (Nipponbare and Milyang 23) were pot-grown under aerobic soil conditions for 60 d on the Andosol or Fluvisol with low to moderate copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contamination. After 2 months cultivation, the Gold Dent maize and Milyang 23 rice shoots took up 20.2–29.5% and 18.5–20.2% of the 0.1 mol L −1 HCl-extractable Cu, 10.0–37.3% and 8.5–34.3% of the DTPA-extractable Cu, and 2.4–6.5% and 2.1–5.9% of the total Cu, respectively, in the two soils. Suzuyutaka soybean shoot took up 23.0–29.4% of the 0.1 mol L −1 HCl-extractable Zn, 35.1–52.6% of the DTPA-extractable Zn, and 3.8–5.3% of the total Zn in the two soils. Therefore, there is a great potential for Cu phytoextraction by the Gold Dent maize and the Milyang 23 rice and for Zn phytoextraction by the Suzuyutaka soybean from paddy soils with low to moderate contamination under aerobic soil conditions.