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Abstract
Biodiesel can help to reduce the world‘s dependence on fossil fuels and which also has significant environmental benefits. Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained via transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol. The rubber seed oil (RSO) is chosen as a potential non-edible vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel. The oil was extracted from the seed by using pressurized liquid extraction (ASE). The percentage rubber seed oil extracted from 2.6 kilograms rubber seed was obtained 35%. The acid value of RSO has reduced from 52.3 mg KOH/g to 0.8 mg KOH/g while FFA% value has reduced from 35% to 1.18% after acid esterification was applied to RSO. The oil was proceed with base transesterification where the triglycerides from the oil were converted into FAME. The optimization of transesterification process was performed in order to determine the optimum conditions that give the highest FAME yield. Result shows that optimum conditions of the transesterification of rubber seed oil were 1:6 of oil to methanol mass ratio ,30 wt% KOH catalyst, 60 oC reaction temperature and 60 minutes reaction time, that offering the highest biodiesel yield of 96%.
Highlights
Biodiesel is defined by the American Standard Testing Material (ASTM) as a liquid fuel that composed of the fatty acid alkyl ester of the long chain fatty acid derived from vegetable oil and animal fat
Considerable attention and effort has been given in producing alternative renewable energy like biodiesel which is known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) [1]
FAME is an alternative biofuel produced through the esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) with methanol and transesterification of triglycerides [2]
Summary
Biodiesel is defined by the American Standard Testing Material (ASTM) as a liquid fuel that composed of the fatty acid alkyl ester of the long chain fatty acid derived from vegetable oil and animal fat. FAME is an alternative biofuel produced through the esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) with methanol and transesterification of triglycerides [2]. There are four major types of feedstock available for the biodiesel production including oil seed (vegetable oil), animal fats, algae and different low quality material such as waste cooking oil, greases and soap stock [3]. Edible oil has been used for feedstock, and if used it to produce biodiesel it can create unsteadiness of the food supply That is why it can be replaced by using non-edible and economical feed stocks such as rubber seed. This paper aimed to reduce the FFA% value in the rubber seed oil (RSO) to 1 % using acid-catalyst esterification method before proceed to production of biodiesel. Optimization on parameter reaction such as methanol mass ratio(w/v), catalyst loading (wt.%), reaction time and temperature will be carried out
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