Potential Ecological Risk and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals and Metalloid in Soil around Xunyang Mining Areas

Na Wang,Gang Li,Yang Wei,Yingying Sun,Jichang Han

doi:10.3390/su11184828

Abstract

Xunyang is rich in various metal minerals and is one of the four major metal mining areas in Shaanxi province, China. To explore the effects of soil heavy metals and metalloid pollution on the environment and human health around the mining areas, four places—Donghecun (D), Gongguan (G), Qingtonggou (Q) and Nanshagou (N)—were selected as the sampling sites. Potential ecological risk (PER) and health risk assessment (HRA) models were used to analyze the environmental and health risks around the mining areas. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Hg) and metalloid (As) in cultivated land in the vicinity of Xunyang mining areas indicated that, except for Cu, the remaining elements detected exceeded the threshold values at some sites. The geo-accumulation index (IGeo) revealed that soils in G and Q could be identified as being extremely contaminated. PER indicated that there was significantly high risk at G and Q for Hg. In N, Pb recorded the highest E r i , which also demonstrates a considerable pre-existing risk. HRA indicated that the hazard index (HI) for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks was much higher among children than among adults, and the ingestion pathway contributed the greatest risk to human health, followed by the dermal pathway and inhalation. Because the HI values of the metals and metalloid in the study areas were all lower than 1, there was no significant non-carcinogenic risk. However, the carcinogenic risk for Cr is relatively higher, surpassing the tolerable values in G, Q, and N. This study analyzed the ecological risks and human health risks of heavy metals and metalloid in farmland soils near the sampling mining areas, and demonstrated the importance of environmental changes caused by land development in the mining industry.

Highlights

Heavy metals and metalloid are considered to be the most dangerous contaminants to the environment on account of their toxicity to the soil, and they reduce the sustainability of the environment [1]
Mineral mining is one of the chief factors leading to the heavy metals and metalloid pollution of agricultural land [5,6]
Toxic heavy metals and metalloid produced during the ore mining, transportation, smelting and tailings storage processes potentially permeate into the soil by means of the atmosphere, surface water, etc

Summary

Introduction

Heavy metals and metalloid are considered to be the most dangerous contaminants to the environment on account of their toxicity to the soil, and they reduce the sustainability of the environment [1]. Toxic heavy metals and metalloid produced during the ore mining, transportation, smelting and tailings storage processes potentially permeate into the soil by means of the atmosphere, surface water, etc. A long-term exposure to Pb during pregnancy may cause some fetal nerve system development disorders, because Pb can be transferred from the bones of pregnant women to the fetus at a rapid rate [15,16]. This continues throughout the baby’s lifetime [17]. Fetuses are at a very high risk of neurotoxins from Hg [23]

Methods

Results

Conclusion