Potential Cardiologic Protective Effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in Patients With Mild to Moderate Dementia

Abstract

In patients with mild to moderate dementia, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-I) are used to improve cognitive functions, but bradycardia, conduction abnormalities, and hypotension are possible side effects because of the peripheral muscarinic M2 receptor stimulation. This study aimed to evaluate the main cardiologic clinical outcomes in patients with dementia who are on AChE-I. In this retrospective, monocentric, observational cohort study, 2 groups were considered: (1) patients with dementia because of the typical and atypical forms of Alzheimer disease treated with AChE-I and (2) cognitively unimpaired, matched control group. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization, occurrence of stroke and/or transient ischemic attacks, and hospitalization for heart failure occurring during a mean of 3.1years of follow-up. The secondary end points were each individual component of the primary end point, total mortality, noncardiovascular death, and incidence of pacemaker implant. Each group included 221 patients who were homogeneous in terms of age, gender, and main cardiovascular risk factors. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 24 patients with dementia (2.1 per 100 patient-years) compared with 56 in control group (5.0 per 100 patient-years), p=0.036. Even if not significant, the difference was mainly driven by myocardial revascularization (3.2% vs 6.8%) and hospitalization for heart failure (4.5% vs 14.5%). As expected, noncardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the treatment group (13.6% vs 2.7% p=0.006). No significant difference between the groups was observed in terms of other secondary outcomes. In conclusion, in patients with dementia, the use of AChE-I may be protective for cardiovascular outcomes, especially in reducing heart failure hospitalization and myocardial revascularization.