Potential Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Renal Acanthamoebiasis.

Karolina Kot,Aleksandra Anna Łanocha,Patrycja Kupnicka,Oliwia Witulska,Natalia Agnieszka Łanocha-Arendarczyk,Danuta Izabela Kosik-Bogacka,Aleksandra Czepan

doi:10.3390/ijms22126583

Karolina Kot, Aleksandra Anna Łanocha + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126583

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Abstract

Recent studies indicate that Acanthamoeba spp. may play a significant role in kidney dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. The levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and MCP-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the activity of MMPs was determined by gelatin zymography. The elevated KIM-1 level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice at the beginning of Acanthamoeba spp. infection. In the immunosuppressed mice, the KIM-1 level was statistically different. The statistically decreased NGAL level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice compared to the uninfected mice. In the immunocompromised mice, we found statistically significant differences in MCP-1 levels between the uninfected and infected groups. There was an increase in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. compared to the uninfected mice. The results indicate that KIM-1, NGAL, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9/NGAL might be promising biomarkers of renal acanthamoebiasis.

Highlights

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoa with pathogenic properties
The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp
There were no significant differences in sNGAL levels, whereas urinary NGAL to the creatinine ratio was statistically significantly different between the control group and proteinuric dogs infected with L. infantum, as well as between non-proteinuric dogs infected with L

Summary

Introduction

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living protozoa with pathogenic properties. The main biotopes of these amoebas are the brain, lungs, and cornea [1]. Recent studies found the presence of amoebas in the kidneys of hosts with disseminated acanthamoebiasis. The presence of Acanthamoeba spp. in the kidneys is usually determined postmortem as serum and urine biochemistry are not always abnormal, and may vary depending on the immune status of the host and the amoebic strain [2,3,4]. Patients infected with Acanthamoeba spp. may develop acute kidney injury which seems to be related with secondary infections or the amphotericin B and/or rifampicin, which are used in acanthamoebiasis therapeutic schemes [3]. It is important to identify sensitive and early markers indicating changes in the kidneys in disseminated acanthamoebiasis

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