Abstract
The study presents the sources of the barriers in management of refurbishment projects that may cause delays and escalate costs. To achieve the study objectives, the information was acquired through personal interviews and in-depth discussions with the architects and contractors of the seven refurbishment projects selected in eastern province of Saudi Arabia. It addresses issues often overlooked by the management team in a refurbishment project during the design, document preparation, and construction stages. The twelve most important sources of barriers were the degradation of undamaged materials over time, formidable variations to original structure, salvaged materials, conflict between responsibilities and liabilities, missing design information, illogical imposed conditions, selecting contract types, improper site survey, concurrent operation by owners, selection of contractor, escalated costs and delays during refurbishment, and underpayment for architect’s services were revealed from the in-depth interviews and discussion with the architects and the contractors of the refurbishment projects. Reasons for these problems of management are reviewed with emphasis on the role of the architect in avoiding underestimation of required work during the stages of the project. Recommendations are given to minimize ambiguities in the scope of the work and avoid disputes among the parties to the contract. This can be achieved by employing an experienced architect and by making sound prompt decisions through out the project lifecycle.
Highlights
Nation-state and its management is a great abstraction
Whereas USA and UK are development as well as national security states, some are amalgam of national security and decline
Everything is identical about Pakistan and Israel except the successes
Summary
Nation-state and its management is a great abstraction. The quasi one is more so because it lacks strategic and economic sovereignty. Pakistan and Israel are classic national security states. National security state or economy of national security gives priority to defense expenditure over economic development. National security state is always preparing for war owing to power struggle. The centre of gravity of anti American insurgency around the Islamic world is US policy towards Palestine, Kashmir, Chechnia, Mindanao, Xinjiang, Algeria, Bosnia, East Timor, Aech, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Afghanistan, and Iraq [2], include Fallujah and its Knights. The dangerous would be the emergence of trans-cis Indus divide as a result of any national elections Due to these strategic errors, Pakistan’s capacity to execute any policy is limited and going the whole hog is bad strategy. To elucidate upon the economy of national security. To analyze Pakistan as an economy of national security. To look into the future prospects of Pakistan’s economy of national security
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