Abstract
Because of its high biocompatibility, bio-degradability, low-cost and easy availability, cellulose finds application in disparate areas of research. Here we focus our attention on the most recent and attractive potential applications of cellulose in the biomedical field. We first describe the chemical/structural composition of cellulose fibers, the cellulose sources/features and cellulose chemical modifications employed to improve its properties. We then move to the description of cellulose potential applications in biomedicine. In this field, cellulose is most considered in recent research in the form of nano-sized particle, i.e., nanofiber cellulose (NFC) or cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). NFC is obtained from cellulose via chemical and mechanical methods. CNC can be obtained from macroscopic or microscopic forms of cellulose following strong acid hydrolysis. NFC and CNC are used for several reasons including the mechanical properties, the extended surface area and the low toxicity. Here we present some potential applications of nano-sized cellulose in the fields of wound healing, bone-cartilage regeneration, dental application and different human diseases including cancer. To witness the close proximity of nano-sized cellulose to the practical biomedical use, examples of recent clinical trials are also reported. Altogether, the described examples strongly support the enormous application potential of nano-sized cellulose in the biomedical field.
Highlights
The use of low-cost and renewable materials has attracted more and more interest from the scientific community
To improve the residence time, liposome-polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds were incorporated into a hydrogel constituted by hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), a material chosen for its muco-adhesive properties [130]
The works mentioned in the review indicate how nano cellulose and its chemical derivatives have the potential to allow the hosting of various types of progenitor stem cells
Summary
The use of low-cost and renewable materials has attracted more and more interest from the scientific community. It is the main constituent of plant cell walls wood, cotton, hemp and other plant-based essential role in Cellulose is theinmost abundant and renewable biopolymermaterials in nature.and It plays is thean main constituent maintaining plant structural phase. Cellulose is synthesized by marine animals such as tunicates, of plant cell walls in wood, cotton, hemp and other plant-based materials and plays an essential algae,. Since cellulose is of natural origin, the biocompatibility [7] and to bio-degradability arethey other features insoluble and inelastic but able to provide mechanical support the tissues where resides scientists are looking for in this amazing material. 5.5) and potential application in the biomedical field is preceded by the presentation of cellulose structure on most recent clinical trials (Section 5.6).
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